Which of the following does NOT represent a life task that Adler taught must be mastered?

• A. Establishing friendships
• B. Forming a societal contribution
• C. Achieving self-actualization
• D. Loving and being loved

Answer: (C)

In Adlerian psychology, the life tasks that individuals must navigate include contributing to society, forming relationships, and developing social connections. The tasks that Adler emphasized are designed to help individuals lead fulfilling and socially integrated lives.

Achieving self-actualization, while an important concept in psychology, particularly in the context of humanistic theories, is not one of the specific life tasks that Adler focused on. Instead, Adler’s framework revolves around how individuals can engage with others and society positively through love, friendship, and societal contribution. These tasks are seen as essential for overcoming feelings of inferiority and for fostering a sense of belonging and significance within a community.

In contrast, self-actualization is often discussed in terms of personal growth and fulfillment of potential but does not specifically correspond to Adler’s identified tasks necessary for social development and functioning.